Odontoma – Basic third dimensional histopathology model using 3D animation software and clay model Tamgadge S, Tamgadge AP, Nayak A,

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Odontoma – Basic third dimensional histopathology model using 3D animation software and clay model

Sandhya Tamgadge, Avinash P Tamgadge, Amisha Nayak
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D.Y. Patil University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Date of Submission	10-May-2022
Date of Decision	27-May-2022
Date of Acceptance	14-Aug-2022
Date of Web Publication	05-Jan-2023

Abstract

Background: Oral lesions of the jaw has been well explained in the literature through high-quality 2D clinical, radiographic, and histopathological images. But the clinicians and most of the times students too, don't understand the histopathological aspect through the description of text and existing 2D images. This article is preliminary attempt to explain the key events of histopathological aspects of odontoma in third dimension and clay models in a life-like manner which author herself has designed, for better understanding not only by oral and general pathologists, and students but also by patients, which is the unique feature of this short manuscript. Aim: To create 3D animation video and images of odontoma using various 3D animation softwares and clay models. Methodology: Preliminary 3D images and videos on histopathological aspect of odontoma were designed by using 3Dmax (Autodesk Media and Entertainment) and Adobe premiere pro 5.5 software which is a video editing software (Adobe Systems). Additionally models were prepared using kids' colourful clay material. Observation: The clay model and 3D animation videos gave life like picture of a disease. Conclusion: 3D animation and clay models to explain histopathology has promising future for histology and histopathology.

Keywords: Autodesk 3ds Max software, clay model, histology, odontome, software, third dimension

How to cite this URL:
Tamgadge S, Tamgadge AP, Nayak A. Odontoma – Basic third dimensional histopathology model using 3D animation software and clay model. J Microsc Ultrastruct [Epub ahead of print] [cited 2023 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.jmau.org/preprintarticle.asp?id=366815

Introduction

The term odontoma was first coined by Paul Broca in 1867. It constitutes 22% of all odontogenic tumors of the jaws. They are considered to be hamartomas rather than true neoplasm.^[1],[2]

Odontome is a tumor-like malformation that arises from tooth-forming tissues made up of an abnormal mixture or nondescript masses of dental tissues. There are two types of odontome.^[3] In this brief report, the author has created a third dimension (3D) of histopathological aspect of odontome using kids' colorful clay material and 3D animation software to showcase the intact microanatomy of odontome.

Brief Information about Odontome

It is formed as a result of terminated tooth formation process and is described as a tumor of the tooth formed due to the overgrowth of dental tissues. Due to which, variable amounts of dental contents such as enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum are organized in an abnormal pattern due to malformations in their development, compared to their true structural growth.^[4]

Types

Compound odontome – According to the World Health Organization, it is defined as “A malformation in which all dental tissues are represented in a more orderly pattern than in the complex odontoma, so that the lesion contains many tooth-like structures. Most of these structures do not morphologically resemble the teeth in the normal dentition; however, enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp are arranged as in the normal tooth.” It has predilection for anterior maxilla. It accounts for 5%–30% of cases^[5],[6]
Complex odontome is “a malformation in which all the dental tissues are well formed but occurring in a more or less disorderly pattern.” It has predilection for posterior jaws. It accounts for 9%–37% of cases.^[5],[6]

Frequency

Relative frequency is between 5% and 30%; complex odontome is one of the most common odontogenic lesions than compound odontome.^[7]

Age

Based on 137 cases of odontome survey done by Reichart and Phillipsen, the mean age of diagnosis is 19.5 years; 83.9% of cases occurred before the age of 30 with a peak in the 2^nd decade of life.^[7]

Gender

There is slight predilection for occurrence in males (59%) as compared to females (41%).^[7]

Causes of odontoma

The exact cause is still unknown. Studies say that odontoma occurs due to the proliferation of cells and tissues which are involved in normal tooth development. This could be the result of some genetic syndromes, environmental factors or due to both.^[8]

Symptoms of odontoma

Odontomas are usually asymptomatic in the beginning, but there are many clinical signs that could help to indicate odontomas such as:^[4]

Retention of deciduous teeth
Lack of eruption of permanent teeth
Impacted teeth
Displacement of teeth from its position
Expansion of outer jaw bone
Numbness in the lower lip area
Swelling in the jaws or near the jaws area where there is a tumor
Evidence of infection.^[9]

It may occur in association with odontogenic cysts such as (1) calcifying odontogenic cysts and dentigerous cysts.^[10],[11]

Methodology

Clay model

A kids' colorful clay material has been used. Red-blue, yellow, and white colors were selected to represent pulp, cementum, dentin, and enamel. Clay was molded to form normal architecture of tooth and both types of odontome too.

Third dimension model using software

Preliminary, 3D images and videos on the histopathological aspect of odontome were designed using 3D Max (Autodesk Media and Entertainment) and Adobe premiere pro 5.5 software (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, California America) which is a video editing software (Adobe Systems).

Representative Model of Odontome Using Clay

There has been no report where oral histopathology has been explained using clay model. This would be the first report.

Four different colors of kids' colorful clay material have been used to represent enamel. Dentin, cementum, and pulp of the tooth germ was arranged in normal micro anatomical layout. All the components of clay are then kneaded to mould and mixed between the palm to make a round dough so that it will represent well-defined benign tumor of complex odontomas.

The round dough was then cut in the center to show a random mixture of different components of a tooth such as enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.

A compound odontome was also made showing multiple miniatures of tooth-like model [Figure 1].

Figure 1: Clay model – (A1) Tooth germ with partial root formation. (A2) L.S of tooth germ, (A3) Complex odontome, (A4) T.S. of odontome. (B1) Complex odontome. (B2) Compound odontome consists of tooth-like structures

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Representative Model of Odontome Using Third Dimension Animation

There have been very few lesions which have been explained using 3D animation software designed by the author herself.^{[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17]} All lesions of oral pathology curriculum should also be explained using 3D animation for better understanding. Odontome has never been explained using 3D animation. This would be the first report.

A tooth germ has been shown in bell stage where the tooth-forming cells are in formative stage. Intact normal tooth germ has been shown with partially opened layers of basement membrane of outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium.

Another model shows a fully opened layer of tooth germ showing all cell layers.

Odontome is basically a random mixture of all components of tooth germ with calcified tissue formation. 3D model shows intact uncut tooth germ showing the initial stage of transformation into complex odontome [Figure 2].

Figure 2: Third dimension images – (a) Intact tooth germ showing basement membrane of outer enamel epithelium (1), Inner enamel epithelium, (2) Dental sac (3). (b) All layers of tooth germ. (c and d) Random mixture of all components to form complex odontome, Stellate reticulum (4), dentin (5)

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3D animation video shows the lifelike process of odontome transformation from a tooth germ [Video 1].

Conclusion

More newer methods should come up in future in teaching methodology to explain the lifelike process of histopathology and physiology.

Acknowledgments

Dr. Sandhya Tamgadge would like to acknowledge 1) Mr. Harishankar Agnihotri and late Mr. Bhavesh, both faculties of “Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematics (MAAC),” Mulund West, Mumbai Maharashtra, for teaching various software to the author (Dr. Sandhya Tamgadge) during her 1-year course in 2014–2015 at MAAC, to create 3D images and video. 2) Mrs. Ruchi Chandak Gandhi for providing clay material during covid lockdown.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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